Compulsory and Voluntary Voting Policies in Democracy

Compulsory and Voluntary Voting Policies in Democracy The right to a free and fair vote is a staple in the democratic process. However, there is debate over whether or not this process is best implemented when the population has the choice to engage in the political system or whether or not it should be mandated.[1] Many people claim that the best system to follow is the one that they are a part of, however in countries where different voting policies are implemented; there is empirical data that can be used to determine whether compulsory voting or voluntary voting produces better results and whether it tends to enhance the quality of democracy. Yet many people will still argue that just analyzing empirical data is not enough to determine whether or not compulsory voting more democratic due to intrinsic reasons. Both of these approaches make it difficult to discern whether or not compulsory voting is more democratically favourable however upon analysis of the two different voting systems, I have found that the arguments that oppose com pulsory voting are not substantive enough to discredit the evidence as to why it does improve upon the essence of democracy. That is why in this essay I argue that compulsory voting does enhance the quality of democracy. What does it mean to enhance the quality of democracy and what is the importance of determining how to advance it? Democracy, at its most basic definition, means the rule by the people. When analyzing the quality of democracy of a state, what is being analyzed is how well the citizens of that state (the people) are represented in the policies that are passed. If the democratic representatives of the government pass laws that a majority of the people in the state do not want, then the quality of democracy is poor. It is not the people that are ruling in this case, but rather the elite few. The issue of compulsory versus voluntary voting is a very relevant issue in todays day and age because a lot of people are disenfranchised by politics. People lose faith in their political system because they feel like they are not being represented. This in turn leads to a less politically active society which is not concerned by the issues that affect them and then often times their lives are made worse due to their lack of input in the policies that are passed. This circular downwards spiral further alienates people and future voters, demonstrating the need for maximizing representation in democratic political systems. The quality of the system cannot be improved until the people are represented to the nations fullest potential. When analyzing which voting system would be the best to implement in order to enhance democracy, it is important to evaluate societies where these different voting styles are implemented. The American voting system is an ideal case study when considering the effects of voluntary voting. The United States and its citizens pride themselves on being a shining example of freedom and democracy. To many people across the world, it has become synonymous with the idea of a perfect democratic system which all other nations strive to achieve. However statistically, the vast majority of citizens in the United States are very poorly represented by their democratic government[2]. For example, a study done by Princeton and Northwestern Universities found that on economic policies, the policy preferences of the average citizen only get implemented less than 20% of the time while the policies preferred by business interests and economic elites are implemented the vast majority of the time, demonstra ting how the median citizen or median voter at the heart of theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy does not do well when put up against economic elites and organized interest groups[3]. This in turn leads to the main flaw with the voluntary voting system. People refuse to be involved in the democratic process because they lose faith in their representatives. This in turn leads to worse social and economic situations for the majority of citizens in the state. The United States is a prime example of this. The United States has a relatively low election turnout rate, ranking 22nd in the modern world.[4] The United States is also has the highest total global personal wealth yet 80.56% of that wealth resides among the top few.[5] In fact, more than three quarters of all Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck.[6] With a voluntary voting system, the American government tends to leave the people behind in favour big money interests. A defining argument in favour of compulsory votin g is that compulsory voting will alleviate the socio-economic inequalities in a society because if everyone voices which policies they want to see implemented into their law, then the politicians will be severely pressured into pushing for those policies if they wish to stay elected, and hence policies that benefit the majority of the people will be implemented.[7] Americans and others who believe in that voluntary voting is more beneficial than compulsory voting will refute this claim by stating that if you force non-politically active citizens to vote, you cannot infer that they will vote in their own interests because they would not have a good understanding on who to vote for to implement their ideas.[8] They claim that people who would stay home and not vote in a voluntary system would just vote arbitrarily in a compulsory system. The flaw with this objection is that it assumes that everyone who doesnt vote does so because they have absolutely zero interest in voting. There are many reasons that people do not vote in a voluntary system other than being apolitical. For example, voting could be a large enough inconvenience for so poorer people so they decide to stay home.[9] People also choose not to vote even though they have policy opinions because they believe their vote is just one in a million so it doesnt make a difference and furthermore could just lack the motivation to express vote.[10] If all these people were pressured to vote, the elected representatives would better represent the views of the overall population and democracy would be enhanced. Australias voting system is the antithesis of Americas. If you are over 18, it is your legal duty to register to vote and to go the polls. Failure to do this will result in a fine and a potential day in court.[11] This form of pressure is meant to increase the participation levels in elections and better represent the will of the public. Multiple studies have been done checking if this theory translates to real world policy and they all come to the same conclusion: [Compulsory voting] can increase the salience of elections and make voting more rational and meaningful and it can enhance and protect such values as representativeness, legitimacy and political equality. It also has the potential to break the counterproductive cycle of low efficacy, alienation, non-participation and state neglect that has led to an increasingly moribund political culture.[12] The studies found that compulsory voting remedied one of the biggest problems with voluntary voting which is the Socio-economic status voting gap.[13] When observing the history of Australias voting population before the compulsory voting law was passed, it was revealed that turnout disproportionally represented those in higher socio-economic status while many people who were in a lower economic status abstained from voting for a various amount of reasons.[14] Many people who argue in favour of voluntary voting disagree with the idea that the socio-economic status voting gap should be addressed by compulsory voting because they claim that if peoples lives were already very burdensome so much so that they didnt vote when they had the opportunity because it was so inconvenient, then there shouldnt be a law that inconveniences them further by forcing them to vote.[15] The problem with this argument is that it misses the fact that peoples lives became less burdensome because of them bein g represented in their system[16], and so compulsory voting was for their own good, and hence the quality of democracy improved. When evaluating whether or not compulsory voting enhances democracy, people who  support voluntary voting say that simply analyzing statistics is not enough. They claim that a reflection must be done on whether compulsory voting is right by the fundamental nature of democracy. One of the aspects in measuring the legitimacy of democracy is checking if there is A free and independent citizenry[17]. This means that the public has absolute freedom of speech and a right to protest, demonstrate, and preach with dissent from the government. The argument then comes up that abstention from voting is a form of expression, and therefore any attempt to remove this democratic right would be dictatorial and would actually be diminishing democracy, not enhancing it.[18] However, this claim is refuted by the idea of the social contract. The social contract is the pillar upon which authority is given legitimacy in a democratic state. By choosing to live in a democratic system, the collective is obl igated to contribute to certain areas of society. As with paying taxes and jury duty, compulsory voting is just another duty that the citizens of a state are obligated to comply with under the social contract. Since the social contract is the strongest case made for accepting authority in a democracy, then having compulsory voting as a citizen duty would not tarnish the quality of a democracy because it would seen as legitimate. In countries like Australia where compulsory voting has become the status-quo, it is not thought of as dictatorial or tyrannical in anyway.[19] It has become a culturally accepted norm. However, countries where this idea is viewed as taboo would view this as an attack on freedom. A case study by Lisa Hill on Americas low voter turnout found that the idea of being compelled to vote is anathema to many Americans and it would undoubtedly meet with vigorous resistance on a number of fronts.[20] Unless there is a cultural shift that would allow the assimilation o f these kinds of new ideas, compelling people to vote could possibly weaken the quality of democracy in countries like America because their citizenry would have a difficult time integrating it into their established system. However, there are ways to remedy these rejections of policy. Hill explains that methods that have been approached to improve public acceptance of compulsory voting were to clarify existing requirements, give the people optional preferential voting, and to expand the voters option for political expressions. The objections to implementing compulsory voting are rooted in status-quo biases and are under the assumption that it is not possible to change the cultural views of citizens on policies which have not been adapted yet. These objections falls flat due to these policies being implemented into other countries successfully through smart execution plans and therefore it has increased the quality of democracy, not decreased it. Compulsory voting enhances the quality of democracy because it provides a better representation the needs of all the people in society. When analyzing a country without compulsory voting such as America, it is found that the views of the people are not what is represented by the policies that end up being passed because a large majority of the people who tend to be lower class do not engage in their political system. However, in a country that does have compulsory voting such as Australia, the socio-economic status voting gap is greatly diminished and the policies that end up being passed are more representative of what the people want. Many common objections to compulsory voting are that it is burdensome and it decreases freedom. These objections do not hold up because in countries where it is implemented, the system ends up benefitting more people and becomes culturally accepted to the point where it does not become an issue. Therefore, compulsory voting does end up producing bette r results and improves the quality of democracy. Bibliography Beck, Katie. Australia election: Why is voting compulsory? BBC News, August 27, 2013. DeSilver, Drew. U.S. voter turnout trails most developed countries. Pew Research Center, August 02, 2016. Gilens, Martin, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014): 564-581. Heywood, Andrew. Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Sathel, Trevor. Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook. London: Routledge. 1999. Hill, Lisa. Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. Federal Law Review 32 (2004): 479-497, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fedlr32div=30g_sent=1collection=journals Hill, Lisa. Low Voter Turnout in the United States Journal of Theoretical Politics 18(2): 207-232, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0951629806061868 Hill, Lisa. Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting: Explaining the Australian Case. Representation 46:4 (2010): 425-438http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00344893.2010.518089 Johnson, Angela . 76% of Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck. CNNMoney, June 24, 2013. Martin Gilens, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014), 564-581. Sherman, Erik. America is the richest, and most unequal, nation. Fortune, September 30, 2015. [1] Trevor Sathel, Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook (London: Routledge, 1999), 75. [2] Martin Gilens, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014), 570-577. [3] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.572-573. [4] Drew DeSilver, U.S. voter turnout trails most developed countries. Pew Research Center, August 02, 2016. [5] Erik Sherman, America is the richest, and most unequal, nation. Fortune, September 30, 2015. [6] Angela Johnson, 76% of Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck. CNNMoney, June 24, 2013. [7] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565. [8] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.566. [9] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565. [10] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565. [11] Katie Beck, Australia election: Why is voting compulsory? BBC News, August 27, 2013. [12] Lisa Hill, Low Voter Turnout in the United States Journal of Theoretical Politics 18(2): 228. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0951629806061868 [13] Lisa Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. Federal Law Review 32 (2004): 480, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fedlr32div=30g_sent=1collection=journals [14] Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. 480. [15] Sathel, Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook, 75. [16] Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. 497. [17] Andrew Heywood, Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 86. [18] Sathel, Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook, 75. [19] Lisa Hill, Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting: Explaining the Australian Case. Representation 46:4 (2010), 429, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00344893.2010.518089 [20] Lisa Hill, Low Voter Turnout in the United States, 228.

International Monetary Fund Essay

The question â€Å"To what extent has the International Monetary Fund contributed in revamping the Nigerian economy since the 1980’s?† is a question that helps us to evaluate the true impact of international monetary policy.   In order to further understand the meaning of this question, this paper will examine the following subjects – 1) the meaning of the question, 2) the significance of the question for International Relations scholars, 3) how the question relates to other published work in the area, and 4) what methods would be employed to answer the question. First of all, the question is directly focused on economic impacts.   However, the question is not simply a matter of metrics, because the question is directed at procedural changes as well.   The question is focused on the restructuring of the Nigerian economy.   To only use economic metrics would fail to address the consequences restructuring entails.   When the IMF releases money to a country, they stipulate conditions that the country must meet. Therefore, the question is also directed at the matching the directives of the IMF with the implementation within Nigeria.   The question is not asking if the IMF has had a positive or negative impact on Nigeria, so value judgments can be left aside.   However, there are several hidden economic impacts.   Structural changes to the workforce, changes in occupations, and new roles within the economy are all more difficult to measure, but can be considered a result of economic policy.    Therefore, the question means 1) what are the economic stipulations of the IMF from the 1980’s until now, 2) has the Nigerian government met the requirements of the IMF, 3) what restructuring has occurred within the Nigerian economy as a result of the IMF, 4) what economic measures can be attributed to these changes, and 5) what are the indirect economic impacts of the IMF policies. International relations scholars are interested in this question because the answers yield important data on the impacts of policy.   International relations scholars are often consulted on questions of policy.   It is therefore in their best interest to know the impacts of policies made in the past.   In this regard, they are historians.   First of all, it is critically important for International Relations scholars to understand what the IMF has attempted to revamp within the Nigerian economy by tracing the stipulations as they were made. Additionally, the scholar can look at the Nigerian government’s ability to meet the demands of the IMF.   How well were they able to integrate the changes required by the IMF.   Were there consequences that required new policies in the future?   In tracing these policy changes, the scholar can also piece their own picture together of what the IMF did well (what was effective), and what changes needed to be made in direction in order to achieve effectiveness.   They can also have a unique insight into the culture and politics of Nigeria, as well as the internal culture and politics of the IMF. At this point, the International Relations scholar can also know what economic measures are affected by differing types of policies and requirements.   Additionally, they can make recommendations on what types of correlations can be found between initiative and their impact.   Perhaps some of the most valuable information for International Relations scholars, however, is related to the indirect impact of the IMF’s policies. When looking at the restructuring of the Nigerian economy, the International Relations scholar is able to examine the changes within the population, how people moved around, the changes in families, etc.   This type of information allows for a more comprehensive picture of economic change and the effects policy can have on cultural change.   Also, this may highlight the challenges represented by a more powerful entity interacting with a less powerful entity on a global scale. There has been much written about Nigeria since the 1980’s.   There are environmental reports, malnutrition reports, and economic reports.   However, these all approach Nigeria from a different perspective than the direction of this question.   This question seeks to directly explore the impact of IMF policies and economic aid on the revamping of the Nigerian economy.   As such, this question seeks to provide supporting information of the changes in Nigeria.   It seeks to trace change related to IMF policies alone.    It is impossible to completely know what current conditions in Nigeria are caused solely or even primarily by the IMF policies, however by focusing on the IMF, widespread impacts can be evaluated from IMF policies.   It is taking the infusion of money and change of monetary policy as the starting point and looking for the economic aspects affected.   One of the main sources for research on these types of development programs is found with the World Bank.   A particularly useful document is â€Å"The Evolution of Poverty and Welfare in Nigeria, 1982 – 1992.†[1]Using this document and also information from the IMF, the scholar can tie together the policies of the IMF and the effects. In order to study such a complex issues, a rigorous approach will need to be taken.   It is the most difficult to know the indirect impacts of the IMF’s economic policies.   It is undesirable to claim that changes were a result of IMF policy, if in fact, they owed their existence to a governmental or environmental change.   However, the economy is so closely entwined with all aspects of life, the implications of the IMF policies will be seen to have far-reaching consequences. Therefore, we can begin by examining the Nigerian economy and economic statistics in 1980, and comparing them with the present day to get snapshots of the economic health of Nigeria at these two points in time.   These snapshots, however, encompass other economic influences other than the IMF programs.   Then the specific policies of the IMF and their objectives are compared to the resulting economic changes to see if the stated goals have been achieved via metrics. Also involved in this analysis is the ability of the Nigerian government to implement the changes required by the IMF.  Ã‚   This area of analysis is perhaps the easiest, as the initiatives of the IMF are easily available.   However, information on the implementation and the implementation’s challenges may be more difficult to find.   Looking at a timeline of IMF policies, one can also deduce what was effective or not effective.   If a policy was ineffective, then in a later cycle we should find a correction or an abandonment of the program. The internal structure of the government and economy can also be viewed.   The way that money flows and what directions can be measured.   It is important to see structural change since the 1980’s.   The Nigerian government worked with the IMF to develop the National Economic and Empowerment Development Strategy in 2004.[2]   This document reviews previous policy and also lays the groundwork for future work between the IMF and the Nigerian government. This report focuses on structural changes – highlighting the importance of revamping the Nigerian economy. Additionally, looking at the basic economic unit – the household – can show structural changes ass well.   By looking at these structural changes, the real question about revamping the economy can be answered.   Of course, this type of analysis also looks at the indirect effects of economic change.   These are difficult to measure, but by tracing newspaper stories and major events in Nigeria, it may be possible to trace events back to economic policy decisions. Overall, the question of the effectiveness of the IMF’s policies to restructure the Nigerian economy is a very important question with implications for future policy consideration and also a deeper understanding of the past. Now that the world is becoming smaller and national boundaries are being crossed with money and policy, it is more important than ever to understand the impact of economic policy.   Additionally, with the prevalence of capitalism and modernization, the effects of economic policy on third world nations must have a thorough understanding. Reference List International Monetary Fund, The Nigerian Economic Reform Program, IMF, 2005, retrieved 10 January 2007    World Bank, The Evolution of Poverty and Welfare in Nigeria, 1985-92, World Bank, 1997, retrieved 10 November, 2007, < http://www4.worldbank.org/afr/poverty/databank/DocNav/default.cfm> [1] World Bank, The Evolution of Poverty and Welfare in Nigeria, 1985-92, World Bank, 1997, retrieved 10 November, 2007, < http://www4.worldbank.org/afr/poverty/databank/DocNav/default.cfm> [2] International Monetary Fund, The Nigerian Economic Reform Program, IMF, 2005, retrieved 10 January 2007

The Digital Age Of Film Essay - 1954 Words

Since the first motion picture got released, film has been constantly improving from the early days of avant-garde cinemas and has evolved onto what we now know as the digital age of film. The digital age has been changing film. Such marvels seen now that long ago seemed too impossible on screen, but is today almost seen in every film. For this research essay, I will explore how the digital technology has changed film form through the use of CGI and VFX and its total effect on the process of filmmaking as we move forward to a new century of digital filmmaking. I will also explore how film exhibition has changed due to handheld devices, laptops and through piracy. With films such as The Lord of the Rings Trilogy by Peter Jackson (2001 – 2003), Sin City by Robert Rodriguez (2005) and Avatar by James Cameron (2009), it is easy to distinguish how digital technology has changed the art in film. All thanks to the ground-breaking Computer-generated imagery (CGI) and Visual effects (VFx) present in almost all Hollywood blockbusters, we have become too familiar with the thrilling images made possible by CGI in contemporary films â€Å"that we have forgotten to see them for the avant-garde art that they are†. (Rombes 142) We have forgotten how to watch and enjoy a film for its unique storytelling, impressive editing, astounding characters and how influential it can be to other filmmakers that we focus more on the almost life-like spectacle of fighting robots, mutants, monsters andShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the technological impact on film theory and the advantages and disadvantages of the invasion of the digital world.1428 Words   |  6 P agesFilms are one of the most popular media in the modern world, watched by hundreds of millions of people all around the world. 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How Electoral College Disenfranchises Voters - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1743 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Politics Essay Level High school Topics: Electoral College Essay Did you like this example? How the Electoral College Disenfranchises Voters The Electoral College is decorated with honor, tradition, and esteem for being the prized method for selecting the president of the United States, yet it stands for everything that America is not. Americars prized slogan, all men are created equal, is completely disregarded by the process employed by the Electoral College. As a result, the gilded idea of equal representation and the right to vote are chipped away every time the Electoral College disenfranchises a voter. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Electoral College Disenfranchises Voters" essay for you Create order The Electoral College was designed to protect the populace, but it has proven to only warp their will. The continuation of the Electoral College will only promote an illegitimate democratic process, therefore it must be abolished. The electorate does not select the president; the Electoral College does. Each state has a set of electors for each presidential candidate equal to the number of congressmen that state has. For example, Indiana has nine representatives and two senators, therefore, Indiana has eleven electors. The electors convene in their respective states in the December following the election and cast their votes for president. Each state is allowed to determine the rules regarding the distribution of electoral votes, however, forty-eight states default to the winner-take-all system. The winner-take-all system bundles all of a staters electoral votes and awards them to whomever obtains the popular vote in that state. As a result, the 538 electors directly select the president, not the people (Bromwich). The validity of the Electoral College deteriorates as its foundation is assessed. As the Constitutional Convention was coming to a close, the method for selecting president was heavily disputed. Out of desperation, the Founders hastily threw together the Electoral College as they were eager to conclude the Convention (Dahl 75). In addition, the Constitution was written in 1787, and the Founders were taking into consideration the circumstances at that time: communication was in its primitive stages, access to information was not widespread, and there were no education requirements. The Founders had reasonable grounds to believe that the populace did not have adequate resources or knowledge to make an informed decision, and, therefore, created a system in which the most qualified individuals would select the president (Every xxx). However, this cannot be any farther from the truth now, and the electorate still suffers from a decision made over 200 years ago. In the current system, some votes have greater sway than others. For example, California has fifty-five electoral votes and a population of 39,776,830 people, and Wyoming has three electoral votes and a population of 573,720 people (US). Each elector in California represents 723,215 people, and each elector in Wyoming represents 191,240 people (Distribution). Each vote cast in Wyoming has 3.8 times more influence than the exact same vote cast in California. The principle of one man, one vote is woven into Americars history, and is reaffirmed in the Supreme Court decision of Wesberry v. Sanders, in which the court held that one personrs voteis to be worth as much as anotherrs (Wesberry). The Electoral College blatantly goes against common law and cornerstone ideals. Such diversion from American principles gives undue influence to smaller states, and disenfranchises larger ones. America was founded on the principle of equal representation; however, the American democratic process preve nts this simple ideal. The process that gives American democracy its legitimacy is, in itself, illegitimate and undemocratic, and will only lead to to an undermined government that lacks the support of its constituents. In the 2016 presidential election the nation as a whole [was] not going to elect the next president. Twelve states [were] (Two-thirds) because the Electoral College fosters an environment that gives swing states a strategic advantage (Dahl 82). Currently, states can be written off as unquestionably Democratic or Republican (Hoban). For example, California is surely Democratic, and Texas is guaranteed Republican. As a result, candidates can focus their time and resources into bolstering support in swing states as voters in the remaining states no longer matter. In the most recent election, ninety-six percent of all campaign events took place in swing states, and two-thirds of all campaign events were concentrated in a mere six of those states (Two-thirds). The figure below displays the amount of campaign visits by state in the 2016 election, and the swing states were disproportionately visited more than others (fig. 1). How can a candidate be the change America needs if they fail reach out to three-fourths of the country? Those twelve states do not represent America, yet those twelve states received nearly all the attention of candidates. If the election can be tipped by only a quarter of the nation, America dissolves its ideal of fairness. Straying from this democratic ideal leads to people in non-swing states [thinking] their vote makes [no] difference, (Voter). The continuity of the Electoral College will only result in voter apathy . Lower voter turnout will leave major decisions in few hands, which can lead to tyranny of the majority and misrepresentation of the nationrs interests. However, the Electoral College draws the most controversy with its winner-take-all system. All a candidate needs to do is win the popular vote in a state, even if it is by a razor-thin margin since all the staters electoral votes [are concentrated] in a single slate (Dahl 82). For example, in 2016, President Trump barely won the popular vote in Michigan by ten thousand votes, yet he still received all of Michiganrs sixteen electoral votes (Presidential). Similar scenarios transpired in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania, which allowed President Trump to walk away with the election, despite losing the popular vote (Meko et al.). The Electoral College allows candidates to amass electoral votes through slim margins, while leaving the other candidate completely empty handed. When all is said and done, millions of votes make little difference in who earns the presidency, and leads to an important question: How legal is the winner-take-all system? The three-fifths clause was written into Constitution, and as history shows, it was illegal. Likewise, the Electoral College is written into the Constitution, but in practice it has proven to violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees that all of us, and all of our votes, must be treated equally under the law (The Legal). To deny voters this essential right is not only undemocratic, but illegal. An illegal system brings leads to a disillusioned America. The last four of five elections righteously belonged to the Democratic candidate. Due to the Electoral College, two of those elections granted the presidency to the Republican candidate (Popular). This leaves many Americans asking the question: How? The current system creates a foggy, flimsy, and futile system that perplexes the populace. The people think the Electoral system is too complicated, and forty-three percent of people do not even know i t exists (Study). Public confidence in the election process is necessary, and the current system prevents this. Therefore, a simple process should be adopted in order to restore faith in the election process. The undemocratic ideals propagated by the Electoral College have infiltrated American society with their effects rampant throughout America. The nation as a whole, has assessed the disregard, the distortion, and the degradation of American values: a direct popular vote would solve for all the structural defects of the current system (The Electoral 319). Voter turnout rates would skyrocket, focus on actual issues would dominate, a government that genuinely represents the people will prevailthe benefits of a direct vote are extensive (Parker). In addition, sixty-three percent of voters want to abolish the Electoral College (Matthews). In order to fulfill the American promises of equality, fairness, and representation, the electorate must demand a direct vote. However, switching to a direct popular vote is not simple. In order to abolish the Electoral College, an amendment to the Constitution is needed. The amendment would have have to be passed by two-thirds of both chambers of Congress, and three-fourths of the states. Although a hefty task, it is possible as seventeen other amendments have passed. Stanford Professor Doug McAdam ensures the no single reform would deliver more than this one and the amendment will most likely emerge victorious (Parker). Every citizen should understand that their votes are equal. Every citizen should know their vote counts. Every citizen should understand the system that elects the president. To remedy the detriments of the Electoral College, a direct popular vote should be adopted. A direct vote would substitute perplexity with precision, ambiguity with assurance, and chance with choice. The Electoral College does not support American democracy, therefore, the American democracy should not support the Electoral College. Works Cited Bayh, Birch. Foreword. Every Vote Equal: A State Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote, by John R. Koza et al., National Popular Vote Press, 2013, pp. xxix-xxxi. Bayh, Birch. The Electoral College: An Enigma in a Democratic Society. Valparaiso University Law Review, vol. 11, no. 3, 1977, scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol11/iss3/1. Bromwich, Jonah Engel. How Does the Electoral College Work? The New York Times, The New York Times, 8 Nov. 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/politics/how-does-the-electoral-college-work.html. Dahl, Robert A. How Democratic Is the American Constitution? New Haven, Yale University, Press, 2003. Distribution of Electoral Votes. National Archives and Records Administration, U.S. Census Bureau, 10 Dec. 2010, www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/allocation.html. Hoban, Brennan. Why Are Swing States Important? Brookings Institution, Brookings Institution, 28 Sept. 2016, www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2016/09/28/why-are-swing-states-important/. Matthews, Dylan. Poll: Most People Who Voted in 2016 Want to Abolish the Electoral College. Vox, 24 Nov. 2016, www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/24/13731770/electoral-college-poll. Meko, Tim, et al. How Trump Won the Presidency with Razor-Thin Margins in Swing States. The Washington Post, 11 Nov. 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/swing-state-margins/. Parker, Clifton B. Popular Vote Better than Electoral College, Stanford Scholars Say. Stanford News, Stanford University, 8 Apr. 2016, www.news.stanford.edu/2016/04/08/electoral-college-bad-040816/. Popular Votes 1940-2016. Roper Center, Cornell University, www.ropercenter.cornell.edu/polls/us-elections/popular-vote/. Presidential Election Results: Donald J. Trump Wins. The New York Times, 9 Aug. 2017, www.nytimes.com/elections/2016/results/president. Study: Americans Dont Know Much About History NBC Los Angeles, 17 July 2009, www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Study-Americans-Dont-Know-About-Much-About-History.html The Legal Argument. Equal Citizens. www.equalcitizens.us/equal-votes/ Two-Thirds of Presidential Campaign Is in Just 6 States. National Popular Vote, www.nationalpopularvote.com/campaign-events-2016. US States Ranked by Population 2018. World Population Review, www.worldpopulationreview.com/states/. Voter Turnout higher in swing states than elsewhere. USA Today, 23 Dec. 2012, www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2012/12/23/voter-turnout-swing-states/1787693/ Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964). Justia, www.supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/376/1/.

Military Generals And General Douglas Macarthur - 1577 Words

In United States history, there is a long list of premiere military Generals and General Douglas MacArthur was on top. Even as professors and historians scrutinize his failures, MacArthur has not only preserved his reputation, but also maintained one. General Arthur MacArthur, Douglas’ father, famously told him, â€Å"there are times when a truly remarkable solider must resort to unorthodox behavior, disobeying his superiors to gain the greater glory† (American Caesar). Douglas took his father’s advice to heart and many times entrenched his prominence on disobeying direct orders. However, by defying orders it made MacArthur a famous, but controversial figure. His defiance proceeded him during his enrollment at West Point, one of the best†¦show more content†¦Therefore, he gave the names of cadets who had already confessed or pleaded guilty and declined to identify the names ordered of him. This demonstrated the insubordination of his defiant nature which would later bring him up through the ranks and achieve fame. Weeks later MacArthur would grab the attention again by defying the orders of a lieutenant, his math teacher. MacArthur fell ill often, missing tests. Usually, students will go under a special program called â€Å"goats† to receive special testing. Douglas made this list but his scores on the regular tests were so high that he already had a passing grade and went to see the instructor. There he threatened to resign from West Point stating, â€Å"I know it is an order but it is an unreasonable one. If my name is not removed from that list by nine o’clock tomorrow morning I will resign.† Normally, the cadet would be punished or expelled for threatening the instructor, but MacArthur had a strong political and military background as his father received the Medal of Honor on multiple occasions, also reaching the rank of General, and his grandfather acted as a judge of the Supreme Court. Because of his fam ilies’ successful background MacArthur showed much promise with his intellect and the instructor removed his name. MacArthur had a very successful career in West Point as he later went on to receive the highest rank available to him, First Captain. Since Macarthur flirted with rules and often contravene directShow MoreRelatedGeneral Douglas Macarthur s Duty, Honor, Country ``1359 Words   |  6 PagesHuerta 1 The Militaries Unspoken Will The Speech â€Å"Duty, Honor, Country† was delivered by General Douglas MacArthur to the Cadets of the Military Academy in West Point, New York. General Douglas MacArthur was being awarded with the Sylvanus Thayer Award to commend the General for all his hard work and devotion to the Military. The Award is a memorable tribute to the ideals that inspired the late General Sylvanus Thayer, who was also known as â€Å"the Father of West Point†. In General Douglas MacArthur’sRead MorePathos And Ethos In Speech1202 Words   |  5 PagesOn May 12, 1962, General Douglas MacArthur addressed the cadets at the West Point Military Academy in his speech Duty, Honor, Country, during the reception for the Sylvanus Thayer Award. 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Perhaps the most notorious civilian-military confrontation in the history of the United States could convey how such personRead MoreA Great Military Leader, Douglas Macarthur2271 Words   |  10 PagesDouglas MacArthur A great military leader†¦ 8/30/2009 PADM 4400 Summer 2009 John Thompson The research paper enclosed is one that focuses on a great military leader, Douglas MacArthur. This leader was a household name in the United States during World War I, World War II, the Cold War and the Korean War. His name was synonymous with â€Å"Power† and â€Å"influence,† during the 40’s. He became known for his great strategic battles that ultimately won World War II for the United States and its allies.Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of West Point Speech876 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Douglas MacArthur delivered this speech on May 12, 1962, while accepting the Sylvanus Thayer Award at his beloved alma mater West Point military academy. During this speech, General MacArthur reflects on his life and accomplishments as an old man, and he tells the young cadets what West Point’s motto, â€Å"Duty, Honor, Country,† has meant to him in his life. Throughout this speech, Gen. MacArthur uses various repetitions, emotional appeals, symbols, and moving imagery to show the audience theRead MoreGeneral Douglas Macarthurs Farewell Address to Congress Essay1853 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction General Douglas Macarthur was one of the most well known military figures in the history of the United States. He gave his farewell speech to congress on 19th April 1951 and went into retirement after 52 years of service in the United States army. He was given the chance to address his final message to the US government. This analysis carefully examines his ethics, goals, strategies, strengths and weaknesses. The speech is very famous and highly popular among the American audience.Read MoreEssay on Korean War in 1950-1953: Conflicting Ideologies1712 Words   |  7 PagesMilitary or Political? President Truman strategy was a â€Å"negotiated settlement† â€Å"This would end the war, unfortunately North Korea would remain independent.† His tactics were diplomatic, whenever there would be a dispute he would talk it out not causing any trouble or alarming other countries there is a collision of interests. Calling troops to act would be his last call, as he believed violence was unnecessary. As well as with the Korean War, he didn’t send in the troops to attack and recaptureRead MoreHonor Duty Honor War Speech Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Douglas MacArthur addressed the cadets and commanding officers at West Point Academy on May 12, 1962 after receiving the Sylvanus Thayer Award. The purpose of his speech was not only to address the cadets but to also inform the civilians of the expectations of a soldier. Their expectations to follow the code—Duty, Honor, Country. There are several techniques that are used to create an effective speech. The tone is serious but also provides insight. It is great to personalize the speech forRead MoreEssay on Douglas MacArthur: A Strong Military Leader798 Words   |  4 PagesDouglas MacArthur was one of the greatest military leaders ever. He has helped many people such as the Filipinos, Japanese after the atomic bombs were dropp ed, and the Koreans during the Korean War. On March 11th, 1942, President Roosevelt ordered General MacArthur to retreat from the Philippines to Australia, because the Japanese were about to take the Philippines. He told the Filipinos,† The President of the United States ordered me to break through the Japanese lines and proceed from CorregidorRead MoreThe North Korean People s Army952 Words   |  4 Pagesand invaded South Korea with the objective of unifying the two Koreas into a single communist nation. General Douglas MacArthur would once again prove his value as a military commander with his conception of Operation Chromite, which directed how the UN forces would respond. MacArthur’s unique gift in recognizing strategic opportunities, along with America’s ability to quickly gather military assets and counter in force, were key to the success of the Operation Chromite landings at Inchon and turning

Case Study, Kodak Free Essays

CASE STUDY REPORT 1 Case Study On Kodak, What Went Wrong? Patricia A. Webster Oklahoma Wesleyan University CASE STUDY REPORT 2 Introduction This case study will analyze what areas of failure caused Eastman Kodak to continue to have continued underperformance and misalignment within the company’s operations. There were four serious counts of corporate failure on the park of Kodak’s strategic planning and decision making. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study, Kodak or any similar topic only for you Order Now The analysis will review these failures, recommendations for change will be discussed, and clear explanations as to why the wrong decisions lead to the failure for growth will be reviewed. A conclusion will discuss how Kodak has managed to survive despite the bad corporate decisions and how the company must reconsider the majority of the recent strategic choices they have made. Strategic Analysis George Eastman founded Eastman Kodak Company in 1880. Within four years Kodak had become a household name after he replaced glass photographic plates with a roll of film. His decision regarding the company’s philosophy was to focus on quality. He stated, â€Å"Nothing is more important than the value of your name and the quality it stands for†. By 1963, color prints surfaced by this company. By 1981 they launched new product lines including cameras, graphical arts, and medical imaging. Their top sales tripled to $10,000,000,000 at that time. Kodak’s performance today is in trouble, sales are drastically falling, the company’s profit margin had declined to a staggering 3% in 2005. The chairman of the shareholder’s stepped down that year conceding a disappointing performance all-around. Due to declining economic environment in this country the company continues to fall. Several corporate failures have contributed to the spiral downward. The connection between logic and creativity was not present. They failed to jump on board with the digital age and technology at the beginning of its era. Next was the lack of strategy between revolution and CASE STUDY REPORT 3 evolution and the strategy it called for. Kodak did not realize the importance of the strategic planning needed to move ahead and attack the changes the company needed. Kodak could have addressed the change by evolutionary means by slowly adapting business strategy incrementally since the beginning of the digital age in the 1980’s, but they did not and this lead to great demise of the company. Also important was the lack of marketing and resource strategic planning. The leaders should have addressed the multiple levels of relationships between resources and practices that exist within a business. Finally and one of the most important factors was the lack of focus on the competition. Very little strategic planning was performed in regards to the competition of other technologic corporations. Solutions, Recommendations, Conclusion Despite continually reports of poor financial forecast, Kodak has managed to keep afloat by handing on to the traditional razor-blade model of analogue technology. The company’s CEO, George Fisher recognized the validity of the digital world. So the company needs to grow on that new insight. Marketing will need to broaden their horizons, even crossing oceans and opening new ventures in the Eastern markets and beyond. Kodak should take advantage of the disparate demands of consumers around the world. Strategic review and planning should involve knowledge of their competitors. Knowledge is power, Kodak’s greater insight and understanding of other corporations such as their own will lead to more enhanced strategy and planning for its future. The key now is to build a global strategy that can continue to exploit both the older and new generations. CASE STUDY REPORT 4 References Brickley, J. , Smith, C. Zimmerman, J. (2009). Managerial Economics and Organizational Architecture. (5th Ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill Irwin. Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation, Harvard Business Review. May- June, pp. 79-91. Kodak, 1985. Annual Report, Eastman Kodak Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. New York, NY. Currency Publishing. Wit, B. Meyer, R. (2004). Strategy Process, Content, Context. Chicago, IL. Thompson Learning. How to cite Case Study, Kodak, Free Case study samples

WCB Policies and Information

Question: Discuss about the WCB Policies and Information. Answer: Introduction: This paper contains the discussion on origin, scope and purpose of Workers Compensation Act. It also contains brief discussion on key sections of this Act and two situations on which this Act is applicable. Origin of Workers Compensation Act: In Canada, before the introduction of Workers Compensation legislation, all the accidents at workplace were dealt under the common law that is tort. In other words, workers can sue their employees, but they need to establish employer negligence. There was no compensation plan present in Canada, and this led to establishment of accident funds by many trade unions but these funds covered only few numbers of labors in Canada. In 1889, the Royal Commission which deals in the matter of labor and capital stated number of injuries among workers and also the oppressiveness of working conditions in many industries in their report. They also made many recommendations for the improvement in working conditions of workplace, but Federal government stated that if they act on the recommendations made by commission then it would constitute an infringement of provincial authority. The main aim of modern workers compensation act is that up to a limited extent injury is inevitable and compensation must be provided to worker without considering the responsibility. In 1914, first Canadian statute that follows this principle was introduced and known as Ontario Workmen's Compensation Act. Later, this Ontario Act provide as a model for provincial legislation in Alberta (AFPA, n.d.). Alberta Workers Compensation Act was first introduced in 1918. From the period of 1918 till 1973 the process related to filing of appeal was very simple, and appeals were made directly to the Worker's Compensation Board (the Board). In 1973, first significant change was made and legislation was passed to form Claims Services Review Committee (CSRC) and Assessment Review Committee (ARC). In 1988, WCB issued paper in which they recommended that internal process must be maintained. In 1995, Andrew C.L. Sims, Q.C. published a report in which they reviewed the operations of the Appeals Commission. In 2000, Workers' Compensation Board Appeal Systems Review Committee (ASRC) committee was formed, and the main purpose of this committee was to examine the appeal system and make recommendations on matters related to workers and employees in Alberta. In 2002, Appeals Commission was considered as government entity which report to the Minister of Human Resources and Employment (Appeals Commission, n.d.). Scope of Workers Compensation legislation: Workers Compensation legislation covers all the workers in Alberta regardless of their age, and these workers are covered by legislation when they are working in an industry to which Worker Compensation Act is applied. Workers compensation Act does not cover following: Workers who worked in the industry which is exempted by WC regulations. Those persons who are exempted by Worker Compensation Act and Worker Compensation regulations. Regulation 2 of Workers Compensation Regulation stated that employers and workers working in industry which is listed in schedule A are exempted by this Act, and provisions of this Act are not applicable on these industries. There are some exceptions also under which Act is applicable on industries listed in schedule A if: That industry is carried on as a part of industry on which this Act is applicable. That industry is included under the Act by the order of the board (workers compensation regulation, n.d.; WCB, n.d.) Purpose of Act: The main purpose of this Act is to aware the workers and employees in Alberta about their legal rights and responsibilities. Workers Compensation Act is designed to provide benefits related to medical care and services of rehabilitation to workers who are suffering from workplace injuries and contract occupational diseases. Following are the main purpose of this Act: Commitment to fairness. Faster recovery goals. Giving rewards for maintaining safety and good working conditions. Ensure financial security for workers suffering from work related injuries (WCB, 2015). Enforcement of Act: In Alberta, the Workers Compensation Board deals with the matter of work related injuries and they also consider their liabilities towards workers. Employers are responsible to pay premium for insurance to Workers Compensation Board and then WCB pays compensation to workers and employees who suffer injury. Employee or worker cannot sue their employer or any other person for compensation if they are entitled to seek compensation from WCB because of accident. A person can consult his lawyer for seeking compensation from WCB, and board is liable to pay compensation to employees and workers for work related injuries without considering whom or what caused the injury. The amount of compensation given by the board depends upon the seriousness of injury and worker had to take time off from work (CLG, n.d.). Key sections of workers Compensation Act: Section 6 of the Workers' Compensation Act (WCA) provides the WCB the mandate to determine policy, and WCA regulations provides the decision making framework on benefits for injured workers (Workers' Compensation Act, n.d.). Section 28 of Workers' Compensation Act (WCA) gives right to workers to claim compensation or alternately to seek for compensation or any other remedy provided by law ((Workers' Compensation Act, n.d.). Employment related situation: Situation 1: As a worker John suffered injury at workplace because of his willful misconduct. Whether he is eligible for compensation under worker compensation Act? According to section 24 of WCA a worker who suffers personal injury by accident at workplace is entitled for compensation under this Act. There is exception to this rule that worker is not entitled for compensation if injury is not serious and injury was caused at workplace because of willful misconduct of worker. In this case, John suffered injury at workplace because of his own willful misconduct. Therefore, John is not entitled for compensation under workers compensation Act (workers compensation Act, n.d.) Situation 2: a worker reported to the human resource manger about the accident occurred at workplace, after 15 months from the date of accident. Whether he is eligible for compensation under worker compensation Act? According to section 26 (1) of WCA, the board is not liable to pay compensation to a worker if that worker does not report the accident within 24 months from the date of accident or on the date when worker becomes aware of the accident. Section 26 (2) of WCA stated board can pay compensation if they are satisfied that there are justifiable grounds for delay (workers compensation Act, n.d.). In this case, worker is entitled to get compensation because he reported the accident within 24 months from the date of accident. References: AFPA, (2016) Workers Compensation in Alberta. Retrieved on 17th January 2017 from: https://www.alberta.ca/documents/WCB-Review-Alberta-Forest-Products-Association.pdf. Appeals Commission. Our History. Retrieved on 17th January 2017 from: https://www.appealscommission.ab.ca/aboutus/Pages/our-history.aspx. CLG. Workers Compensation Board. Retrieved on 17th January 2017 from: https://clg.ab.ca/programs-services/dial-a-law/workers-compensation-board/. WCB, (2015). Worker handbook. Retrieved on 17th January 2017 from: https://www.wcb.ab.ca/assets/pdfs/workers/WCB-003_Worker_Handbook.pdf. WCB, (2013). Alberta WCB Policies Information. Retrieved on 17th January 2017 from: https://www.wcb.ab.ca/pdfs/public/policy/manual/printable_pdfs/0601_2_app3.pdf. Workers' Compensation Act- Sect 24. Workers' Compensation Act- Sect 26. Workers' Compensation Act- Sect 28. Workers' Compensation Act- Sect 6 Workers Compensation Regulation- Regulation 2.